14.2.12 Class Domain

mosek::fusion::Domain

The Domain class defines a set of static method for creating various variable and constraint domains. A Domain object specifies a subset of \(\real^n\), which can be used to define the feasible domain of variables and expressions.

For further details on the use of these, see Model.variable and Model.constraint.

Static members

Domain.axis – Set the dimension along which the cones are created.

Domain.binary – Creates a domain of binary variables.

Domain.equalsTo – Defines the domain consisting of a fixed point.

Domain.greaterThan – Defines the domain specified by a lower bound in each dimension.

Domain.inDExpCone – Defines the dual exponential cone.

Domain.inDGeoMeanCone – Defines the domain of dual geometric mean cones.

Domain.inDPowerCone – Defines the dual power cone.

Domain.inPExpCone – Defines the primal exponential cone.

Domain.inPGeoMeanCone – Defines the domain of primal geometric mean cones.

Domain.inPPowerCone – Defines the primal power cone.

Domain.inPSDCone – Creates a domain of Positive Semidefinite matrices.

Domain.inQCone – Defines the domain of quadratic cones.

Domain.inRange – Creates a domain specified by a range in each dimension.

Domain.inRotatedQCone – Defines the domain of rotated quadratic cones.

Domain.inSVecPSDCone – Creates a domain of vectorized Positive Semidefinite matrices.

Domain.integral – Creates a domain of integral variables.

Domain.isTrilPSD – Creates a domain of Positive Semidefinite matrices.

Domain.lessThan – Defines the domain specified by an upper bound in each dimension.

Domain.sparse – Use a sparse representation.

Domain.symmetric – Impose symmetry on a given linear domain.

Domain.unbounded – Creates a domain in which variables are unbounded.

Domain.axis
ConeDomain::t Domain::axis(ConeDomain::t c, int a)

Set the dimension along which the cones are created. If this conic domain is used for a variable or expression of dimension \(d\), then the conic constraint will be applicable to all vectors obtained by fixing the coordinates other than \(a\)-th and moving along the \(a\)-th coordinate. If \(d=2\) this can be used to define the conditions “every row of the matrix is in a cone” and “every column of a matrix is in a cone”.

The default is the last dimension \(a=d-1\).

Parameters
  • c (ConeDomain) – A conic domain.

  • a (int) – The axis.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.binary
RangeDomain::t Domain::binary(int n)
RangeDomain::t Domain::binary(int m, int n)
RangeDomain::t Domain::binary(shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
RangeDomain::t Domain::binary()

Create a domain of binary variables. A binary domain can only be used when creating variables, but is not allowed in a constraint. Another way of restricting variables to be integers is the method Variable.makeInteger.

Parameters
  • n (int) – Dimension size.

  • m (int) – Dimension size.

  • dims (int[]) – A list of dimension sizes.

Return

(RangeDomain)

Domain.equalsTo
LinearDomain::t Domain::equalsTo(double b)
LinearDomain::t Domain::equalsTo(double b, int n)
LinearDomain::t Domain::equalsTo(double b, int m, int n)
LinearDomain::t Domain::equalsTo(double b, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
LinearDomain::t Domain::equalsTo(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> a1)
LinearDomain::t Domain::equalsTo(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,2>> a2)
LinearDomain::t Domain::equalsTo(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> a1, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
LinearDomain::t Domain::equalsTo(Matrix::t mx)

Defines the domain consisting of a fixed point.

Parameters
  • b (double) – A single value. This is scalable: it means that each element in the variable or constraint is fixed to \(b\).

  • n (int) – Dimension size.

  • m (int) – Dimension size.

  • dims (int[]) – A list of dimension sizes.

  • a1 (double[]) – A one-dimensional array of bounds. The shape must match the variable or constraint with which it is used.

  • a2 (double[][]) – A two-dimensional array of bounds. The shape must match the variable or constraint with which it is used.

  • mx (Matrix) – A matrix of bound values. The shape must match the variable or constraint with which it is used.

Return

(LinearDomain)

Domain.greaterThan
LinearDomain::t Domain::greaterThan(double b)
LinearDomain::t Domain::greaterThan(double b, int n)
LinearDomain::t Domain::greaterThan(double b, int m, int n)
LinearDomain::t Domain::greaterThan(double b, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
LinearDomain::t Domain::greaterThan(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> a1)
LinearDomain::t Domain::greaterThan(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,2>> a2)
LinearDomain::t Domain::greaterThan(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> a1, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
LinearDomain::t Domain::greaterThan(Matrix::t mx)

Defines the domain specified by a lower bound in each dimension.

Parameters
  • b (double) – A single value. This is scalable: it means that each element in the variable or constraint is greater than or equal to \(b\).

  • n (int) – Dimension size.

  • m (int) – Dimension size.

  • dims (int[]) – A list of dimension sizes.

  • a1 (double[]) – A one-dimensional array of bounds. The shape must match the variable or constraint with which it is used.

  • a2 (double[][]) – A two-dimensional array of bounds. The shape must match the variable or constraint with which it is used.

  • mx (Matrix) – A matrix of bound values. The shape must match the variable or constraint with which it is used.

Return

(LinearDomain)

Domain.inDExpCone
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDExpCone()
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDExpCone(int m)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDExpCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Defines the domain of dual exponential cones:

\[\left\{ x\in \real^3 ~:~ x_1 \geq -x_3 e^{-1} e^{x_2/x_3},\ x_1> 0,\ x_3< 0 \right\}\]

The conic domain scales as follows. If a variable or expression constrained to an exponential cone is not a single vector but a \(d\)-dimensional variable then the conic domain is applicable to all vectors obtained by fixing the first \(d-1\) coordinates and moving along the last coordinate. If \(d=2\) it means that each row of a matrix must belong to a cone. See also Domain.axis.

If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones.

Parameters
  • m (int) – The number of cones (default 1).

  • dims (int[]) – Shape of the domain.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.inDGeoMeanCone
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDGeoMeanCone()
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDGeoMeanCone(int n)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDGeoMeanCone(int m, int n)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDGeoMeanCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Defines the domain of dual geometric mean cones:

\[\left\{ x\in \real^n ~:~ (n-1) \left(\prod_{i=1}^{n-1} x_i\right)^{1/(n-1)} \geq |x_n|,\ x_1,\ldots,x_{n-1}\geq 0 \right\}\]

The conic domain scales as follows. If a variable or expression constrained to a cone is not a single vector but a \(d\)-dimensional variable then the conic domain is applicable to all vectors obtained by fixing the first \(d-1\) coordinates and moving along the last coordinate. If \(d=2\) it means that each row of a matrix must belong to a cone. See also Domain.axis.

If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones.

Parameters
  • n (int) – The size of each cone; at least 2.

  • m (int) – The number of cones (default 1).

  • dims (int[]) – Shape of the domain.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.inDPowerCone
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDPowerCone(double alpha)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDPowerCone(double alpha, int m)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDPowerCone(double alpha, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDPowerCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> alphas)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDPowerCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> alphas, int m)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inDPowerCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> alphas, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Defines the domain of dual power cones. For a single double argument alpha it defines the set

\[\left\{ x\in \real^n ~:~ \left(\frac{x_1}{\alpha}\right)^\alpha \left(\frac{x_2}{1-\alpha}\right)^{1-\alpha} \geq \sqrt{\sum_{i=3}^n x_i^2},\ x_1,x_2\geq 0 \right\}.\]

For an array alphas of length \(n_l\), consisting of weights for the cone, it defines the set

\[\left\{ x\in\real^n~:~ \prod_{i=1}^{n_l}\left(\frac{x_i}{\beta_i}\right)^{\beta_i} \geq \sqrt{x_{n_l+1}^2+\cdots+x_n^2},\ x_1,\ldots,x_{n_l}\geq 0 \right\}.\]

where \(\beta_i\) are the weights normalized to add up to \(1\), ie. \(\beta_i=\alpha_i/(\sum_j \alpha_j)\) for \(i=1,\ldots,n_l\).

The conic domain scales as follows. If a variable or expression constrained to a power cone is not a single vector but a \(d\)-dimensional variable then the conic domain is applicable to all vectors obtained by fixing the first \(d-1\) coordinates and moving along the last coordinate. If \(d=2\) it means that each row of a matrix must belong to a cone. See also Domain.axis.

If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones.

Parameters
  • alpha (double) – The exponent of the power cone. Must be between 0 and 1.

  • m (int) – The number of cones (default 1).

  • dims (int[]) – Shape of the domain.

  • alphas (double[]) – The weights of the power cone. Must be positive.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.inPExpCone
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPExpCone()
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPExpCone(int m)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPExpCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Defines the domain of primal exponential cones:

\[\left\{ x\in \real^3 ~:~ x_1 \geq x_2 e^{x_3/x_2},\ x_1,x_2> 0 \right\}\]

The conic domain scales as follows. If a variable or expression constrained to an exponential cone is not a single vector but a \(d\)-dimensional variable then the conic domain is applicable to all vectors obtained by fixing the first \(d-1\) coordinates and moving along the last coordinate. If \(d=2\) it means that each row of a matrix must belong to a cone. See also Domain.axis.

If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones.

Parameters
  • m (int) – The number of cones (default 1).

  • dims (int[]) – Shape of the domain.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.inPGeoMeanCone
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPGeoMeanCone()
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPGeoMeanCone(int n)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPGeoMeanCone(int m, int n)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPGeoMeanCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Defines the domain of primal geometric mean cones:

\[\left\{ x\in \real^n ~:~ \left(\prod_{i=1}^{n-1} x_i\right)^{1/(n-1)} \geq |x_n|,\ x_1\ldots,x_{n-1}\geq 0 \right\}\]

The conic domain scales as follows. If a variable or expression constrained to a cone is not a single vector but a \(d\)-dimensional variable then the conic domain is applicable to all vectors obtained by fixing the first \(d-1\) coordinates and moving along the last coordinate. If \(d=2\) it means that each row of a matrix must belong to a cone. See also Domain.axis.

If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones.

Parameters
  • n (int) – The size of each cone; at least 2.

  • m (int) – The number of cones (default 1).

  • dims (int[]) – Shape of the domain.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.inPPowerCone
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPPowerCone(double alpha)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPPowerCone(double alpha, int m)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPPowerCone(double alpha, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPPowerCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> alphas)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPPowerCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> alphas, int m)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inPPowerCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> alphas, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Defines the domain of primal power cones. For a single double argument alpha it defines the set

\[\left\{ x\in \real^n ~:~ x_1^\alpha x_2^{1-\alpha} \geq \sqrt{\sum_{i=3}^n x_i^2},\ x_1,x_2\geq 0 \right\}.\]

For an array alphas of length \(n_l\), consisting of weights for the cone, it defines the set

\[\left\{ x\in\real^n~:~ \prod_{i=1}^{n_l}x_i^{\beta_i} \geq \sqrt{x_{n_l+1}^2+\cdots+x_n^2},\ x_1,\ldots,x_{n_l}\geq 0 \right\}.\]

where \(\beta_i\) are the weights normalized to add up to \(1\), ie. \(\beta_i=\alpha_i/(\sum_j \alpha_j)\) for \(i=1,\ldots,n_l\).

The conic domain scales as follows. If a variable or expression constrained to a power cone is not a single vector but a \(d\)-dimensional variable then the conic domain is applicable to all vectors obtained by fixing the first \(d-1\) coordinates and moving along the last coordinate. If \(d=2\) it means that each row of a matrix must belong to a cone. See also Domain.axis.

If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones.

Parameters
  • alpha (double) – The exponent of the power cone. Must be between 0 and 1.

  • m (int) – The number of cones (default 1).

  • dims (int[]) – Shape of the domain.

  • alphas (double[]) – The weights of the power cone. Must be positive.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.inPSDCone
PSDDomain::t Domain::inPSDCone()
PSDDomain::t Domain::inPSDCone(int n)
PSDDomain::t Domain::inPSDCone(int n, int m)

When used to create a new variable in Model.variable it defines a domain of symmetric positive semidefinite matrices, that is

\[\PSD^n = \left\{ X \in \real^{n\times n} ~:~ X=X^T,\ y^TXy\geq 0,\ \mbox{for all}\ y \right\}.\]

The shape of the result is \(n\times n\). If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones, that is of shape \(m\times n\times n\).

When used to impose a constraint in Model.constraint it defines a domain

\[\left\{ X \in \real^{n\times n} ~:~ \half (X + X^T) \in \PSD^n \right\}.\]

i.e. a positive semidefinite matrix without the symmetry assumption.

Parameters
  • n (int) – Dimension of the PSD matrix.

  • m (int) – Number of matrices (default 1).

Return

(PSDDomain)

Domain.inQCone
ConeDomain::t Domain::inQCone()
ConeDomain::t Domain::inQCone(int n)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inQCone(int m, int n)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inQCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Defines the domain of quadratic cones:

\[\left\{ x\in \real^n ~:~ x_1^2 \geq \sum_{i=2}^n x_i^2,~ x_1 \geq 0 \right\}\]

The conic domain scales as follows. If a variable or expression constrained to a quadratic cone is not a single vector but a \(d\)-dimensional variable then the conic domain is applicable to all vectors obtained by fixing the first \(d-1\) coordinates and moving along the last coordinate. If \(d=2\) it means that each row of a matrix must belong to a cone. See also Domain.axis.

If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones.

Parameters
  • n (int) – The size of each cone; at least 2.

  • m (int) – The number of cones (default 1).

  • dims (int[]) – Shape of the domain.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.inRange
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(double lb, double ub)
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(double lb, shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> uba)
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> lba, double ub)
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> lba, shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> uba)
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(double lb, double ub, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(double lb, shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> uba, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> lba, double ub, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> lba, shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> uba, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,2>> lba, shared_ptr<ndarray<double,2>> uba)
RangeDomain::t Domain::inRange(Matrix::t lbm, Matrix::t ubm)

Creates a domain specified by a range in each dimension.

Parameters
  • lb (double) – The lower bound as a common scalar value.

  • ub (double) – The upper bound as a common scalar value.

  • uba (double[]) – The upper bounds as an array.

  • uba (double[][]) – The upper bounds as an array.

  • lba (double[]) – The lower bounds as an array.

  • lba (double[][]) – The lower bounds as an array.

  • dims (int[]) – A list of dimension sizes.

  • lbm (Matrix) – The lower bounds as a Matrix object.

  • ubm (Matrix) – The upper bounds as a Matrix object.

Return

(RangeDomain)

Domain.inRotatedQCone
ConeDomain::t Domain::inRotatedQCone()
ConeDomain::t Domain::inRotatedQCone(int n)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inRotatedQCone(int m, int n)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inRotatedQCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Defines the domain of rotated quadratic cones:

\[\left\{ x\in\real^n ~:~ 2x_1 x_2 \geq \sum_{i=3}^n x_i^2,~ x_1,x_2 \geq 0 \right\}\]

The conic domain scales as follows. If a variable or expression constrained to a quadratic cone is not a single vector but a \(d\)-dimensional variable then the conic domain is applicable to all vectors obtained by fixing the first \(d-1\) coordinates and moving along the last coordinate. If \(d=2\) it means that each row of a matrix must belong to a cone. See also Domain.axis.

If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones.

Parameters
  • n (int) – The size of each cone; at least 3.

  • m (int) – The number of cones (default 1).

  • dims (int[]) – Shape of the domain.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.inSVecPSDCone
ConeDomain::t Domain::inSVecPSDCone()
ConeDomain::t Domain::inSVecPSDCone(int n)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inSVecPSDCone(int d1, int d2)
ConeDomain::t Domain::inSVecPSDCone(shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Creates a domain of vectorized Positive Semidefinite matrices:

\[\{(x_1,\ldots,x_{d(d+1)/2})\in \real^n~:~ \mathrm{sMat}(x)\in\PSD^d\} = \{\mathrm{sVec}(X)~:~X\in\PSD^d\},\]

where

\[\mathrm{sVec}(X) = (X_{11},\sqrt{2}X_{21},\ldots,\sqrt{2}X_{d1},X_{22},\sqrt{2}X_{32},\ldots,X_{dd}),\]

and

\[\begin{split}\mathrm{sMat}(x) = \left[\begin{array}{cccc}x_1 & x_2/\sqrt{2} & \cdots & x_{d}/\sqrt{2} \\ x_2/\sqrt{2} & x_{d+1} & \cdots & x_{2d-1}/\sqrt{2} \\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ x_{d}/\sqrt{2} & x_{2d-1}/\sqrt{2} & \cdots & x_{d(d+1)/2}\end{array}\right].\end{split}\]

In other words, the domain consists of vectorizations of the lower-triangular part of a positive semidefinite matrix, with the non-diagonal elements additionally rescaled.

Parameters
  • n (int) – Length of the vectorization - this must be of the form \(d*(d+1)/2\) for some positive integer \(d\).

  • d1 (int) – Size of first dimension of the domain.

  • d2 (int) – Size of second dimension of the domain.

  • dims (int[]) – Shape of the domain.

Return

(ConeDomain)

Domain.integral
ConeDomain::t Domain::integral(ConeDomain::t c)
LinearDomain::t Domain::integral(LinearDomain::t ld)
RangeDomain::t Domain::integral(RangeDomain::t rd)

Modify a given domain restricting its elements to be integral. An integral domain can only be used when creating variables, but is not allowed in a constraint. Another way of restricting variables to be integers is the method Variable.makeInteger.

Parameters
Return
Domain.isTrilPSD
PSDDomain::t Domain::isTrilPSD()
PSDDomain::t Domain::isTrilPSD(int n)
PSDDomain::t Domain::isTrilPSD(int n, int m)

Creates an object representing a cone of the form

\[\left\{ X \in \real^{n\times n} ~:~ \mbox{tril}(X) \in \PSD^n \right\}.\]

i.e. the lower triangular part of \(X\) defines the symmetric matrix that is positive semidefinite. The shape of the result is \(n\times n\). If \(m\) was given the domain is a product of \(m\) such cones, that is of shape \(m\times n\times n\).

Parameters
  • n (int) – Dimension of the PSD matrix.

  • m (int) – Number of matrices (default 1).

Return

(PSDDomain)

Domain.lessThan
LinearDomain::t Domain::lessThan(double b)
LinearDomain::t Domain::lessThan(double b, int n)
LinearDomain::t Domain::lessThan(double b, int m, int n)
LinearDomain::t Domain::lessThan(double b, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
LinearDomain::t Domain::lessThan(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> a1)
LinearDomain::t Domain::lessThan(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,2>> a2)
LinearDomain::t Domain::lessThan(shared_ptr<ndarray<double,1>> a1, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)
LinearDomain::t Domain::lessThan(Matrix::t mx)

Defines the domain specified by an upper bound in each dimension.

Parameters
  • b (double) – A single value. This is scalable: it means that each element in the variable or constraint is less than or equal to \(b\).

  • n (int) – Dimension size.

  • m (int) – Dimension size.

  • dims (int[]) – A list of dimension sizes.

  • a1 (double[]) – A one-dimensional array of bounds. The shape must match the variable or constraint with which it is used.

  • a2 (double[][]) – A two-dimensional array of bounds. The shape must match the variable or constraint with which it is used.

  • mx (Matrix) – A matrix of bound values. The shape must match the variable or constraint with which it is used.

Return

(LinearDomain)

Domain.sparse
LinearDomain::t Domain::sparse(LinearDomain::t ld, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> sparsity)
LinearDomain::t Domain::sparse(LinearDomain::t ld, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,2>> sparsity)
RangeDomain::t Domain::sparse(RangeDomain::t rd, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> sparsity)
RangeDomain::t Domain::sparse(RangeDomain::t rd, shared_ptr<ndarray<int,2>> sparsity)

Given a linear domain, this method explicitly suggest to Fusion that a sparse representation is helpful.

Parameters
  • ld (LinearDomain) – The linear sparse domain.

  • sparsity (int[]) – Sparsity pattern.

  • sparsity (int[][]) – Sparsity pattern.

  • rd (RangeDomain) – The ranged sparse domain.

Return
Domain.symmetric
SymmetricLinearDomain::t Domain::symmetric(LinearDomain::t ld)
SymmetricRangeDomain::t Domain::symmetric(RangeDomain::t rd)

Given a linear domain \(D\) whose shape is that of square matrices, this method returns a domain consisting of symmetric matrices in \(D\).

Parameters
  • ld (LinearDomain) – The linear domain to be symmetrized.

  • rd (RangeDomain) – The ranged domain to be symmetrized.

Return
Domain.unbounded
LinearDomain::t Domain::unbounded()
LinearDomain::t Domain::unbounded(int n)
LinearDomain::t Domain::unbounded(int m, int n)
LinearDomain::t Domain::unbounded(shared_ptr<ndarray<int,1>> dims)

Creates a domain in which variables are unbounded.

Parameters
  • n (int) – Dimension size.

  • m (int) – Dimension size.

  • dims (int[]) – A list of dimension sizes.

Return

(LinearDomain)